The action or process of using 3D printing techniques to create an object that is able to change its shape or properties in a predictable way over time in reaction to conditions such as exposure to water, air, heat, or an electric current.
‘add a time dimension and energy source to 3D printing and you have 4D printing’
‘Will 3D or 4D printing mean we no longer need to procure spare parts from miles and miles away?’
‘A mathematician has been crunching the numbers to push us beyond 3D printing, and into advanced 4D printing.’
‘To date, hydrogels and shape memory polymers are the two main active polymers used in 4D printing.’
‘The use cases for 4D printing are pretty varied, especially in the medical field.’
‘4D printing's first applications will probably be a little more military in nature.’
‘The science is known as 4D printing because the implants can conform over time as the body moves or grows.’
‘Even though 3D printing has barely been established, engineers are already hard at work on 4D printing.’
‘4D printing is trying to address the development of smart, multi-functional, responsive materials.’
‘This episode of A Week in Science explains how 4D printing works, and some of its incredible potential.’
‘Advancements in 4D printing could allow for the creation of actively adaptive cells.’
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